Industrial Revolution (4º ESO History CLIL)

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History
During the 1800s Britain became the 'Workshop of the World'. It was a time of Industrial Revolution.

The years after 1750 were a time of great achievement:
• Agriculture. Turnip Townshend introduced the Norfolk four-course rotation and Robert Bakewell used selective breeding to develop the New Leicester sheep.
• Industry. Richard Arkwright's Mill at Cromford heralded 'the Factory Age' of the textile industry, production of iron increased 30-fold, and production of coal increased 20-fold.
• Transport and communications. Thomas Telford built roads and canals in the 1700s, and George Stephenson and Isambard Kingdom Brunel oversaw the 'Railway Mania' of the 1800s.
At the same time there occurred a long list of scientific discoveries and technological inventions that changed society and industry.
The economic developments of the 1800s did not just change the economy – they changed the nature of life, not just in Britain, but all over the world.
The 1800s was a time of 'Industrial Revolution'.
The main changes were:
• By 1914 England had become a great trading nation with a worldwide empire, which covered a fifth of the globe.
• A 260 per cent growth in population.
• A change from agriculture to industry.
• A move from domestic industry to factory work.
• A move from water and wind power to steam engines.
• A revolution in transport and communications, from canals and pack horses, to railways and the telegraph.
• The growth of towns:
• In 1750, only about 15 per cent of the population lived in towns. By 1900 it was 85 per cent.
By 1900, London had 4.5 million inhabitants, and the biggest other towns were Glasgow: 760,000 and Liverpool: 685,000. Manchester and Birmingham had more than half a million people each. Much of the population had moved from the south-east to the industrialised coalfield areas in the north and the Midlands.
Science and learning
Scientific and technological developments
Here are some of the most famous inventions of the era. Other discoveries and inventions are noted in the pages on agriculture and industry.
1800 Alessandro Volta invented the battery.
1803 John Dalton discovered the atom.
1806 Humphry Davy invented arc lamp [arc lamp : A type of lamp where light is produced by making a strong electric current jump between two carbon rods.] .
1835 Henry Talbot invented photography.
1851 Isaac Singer invented a sewing machine.
1862 Richard Gatling patented [patent: An official licence from the government to allow a person or business the sole right to make, use or sell an invention.] the machine gun.
1866 Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
1866 Gregor Mendel published his work on the laws of genetics.
1867 Christopher Scholes invented the typewriter.
1886 John Pemberton invented Coca Cola.
1900 Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis [psychoanalysis: A way of studying and treating mental problems and illnesses by analysing dreams and childhood memories and how they influence people's behaviour.] .
1916 Albert Einstein developed the general theory of relativity [theory of relativity: The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein to explain the relationship between energy, mass and the speed of light.] .