Potencial Exam Question

Define these terms with the vocabulary of the unit:

-Steam engine: a machine that works with steam as a means of energy.

-James Wattt: he was the man that invented the first reliable steam engine.

-Enclosure: was the cause of the Agricultural Revolution that increased agricultural production because it created larger, more profitable farms.

-Absence of internal duties: was one of the causes that increased the domestic trade of the Commercial Revolution.

-Parliamentary monarchy:  type of monarchy that allowed the bourgeoisie to participate in government and political decision making in Great Britain.

-Spinning and weaving machine: was a tecnological innovation that increased the amount of cotton fabric that could be processed.

-Taylorism: factories system in which every worker was responsible for a different part of the production process.

-Bessemer converter: is a tecnological innovation that allowed foundries to produce large quantities of steel as well as a better-quality product.

-Trevithick: was the inventor of the steam locomotive.

-Fulton: was the inventor of the first commercial steamship.

-Stephenson: was the inventor of the first public steam railway.

-Adam Smith: is the father of modern economics and economic liberalism.

-Tennant: person who rents land from its owner.

-(agricultural) Labourer: Farmer hired and paid by the day.

-Sharecroper: farmer who pays the rent from his land (the land he cultivates) with some of the crops they produce.

-Luddities: this group was an early manifestation of organized working-class protest.

-Trade unions: Associations of workers in particular types of work.

-Chartist movement: a movement created by people who demenaded political changes including "universal manhood suffrage", they also asked Parliament to pass laws which would improve worker's conditions.

-Utopian Socialism: were the first currents of modern socialist thought.

-Henri the Saint-Simon: was one of the creators of the idea of Utopian Socialism.

-Fourier: was one of the creators of the idea of Utopian Socialism.

-Robert Owen: was one of the creators of the idea of Utopian Socialism.

-Marxism: was one of the most important left-wing ideologies that emerged in the second half of the 19th century which promoted the interests of the working class. It was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

-Anarchism: was one of the most important left-wing ideologies that emerged i the second half of the 19th century which rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat and proposed and defended an ideal society based on individual freedom, communes and direct accion. It was developed by Mikhail Bakunin.

-Karl Marx: was one of the creators of Marxism.

-Friedrich Engels: was one of the creators of Marxism

-Class struggle: was one of the bases of Marxism. It means that the proletariat should organize itself and fight the bourgeoisie.

-the Dictatorship of the Proletariat: was one of the bases of Marxism. It means that the proletariat should seize political power. Once in power, they should control the economy and redistribute wealth equality among all members of society.

-Communism: was one of the bases of Marxism. It sais that, in place of the old class-based society, there should be a new Communist society in which everyone should be equal.

-Mikhail Bakunin: was the main advocate of the Anarchism.

-Individual Freedom (for Anarchism): People had to fight against any authority or institution that limited their freedom.

-Communes: Society should be reorganized into small, independent groups called communes.

-Direct Action (for Anarchism): People had to defend their interests through their own actions, not through political parties or elections.

Rosana González; Violeta Ramiro; Claudia Villabrille.